Techniques for vertical cavity surface emitting laser oxidation

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments relate to a method for manufacturing a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. The method includes forming an optically active layer over a first reflective layer and forming a second reflective layer over the optically active layer. Forming a masking layer over the second reflective layer, where the masking layer leaves a sacrificial portion of the second reflective layer exposed. A first etch is performed to remove the sacrificial portion of the second reflective layer, defining a second reflector. Forming a first spacer covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector and masking layer. Performing an oxidation process to oxidize a peripheral region of the optically active layer. A second etch is performed to remove a portion of the oxidized peripheral region, defining an optically active region. Forming a second spacer covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, the optically active region, and the first reflector.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/724,243 filed on Aug. 29, 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Laser diodes are used in many kinds of devices and are well-known. A semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is one promising candidate for next generation laser diodes. Compared to current laser diodes, such as edge-emitting devices, the emission from a VCSEL is normal to the plane of the device, therefore it can be processed using standard processing techniques. Furthermore, the advantageous emission from the VCSEL device allows for production of a large plurality of lasers on a single wafer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIGS. 1 through 7 illustrate a cross-sectional view of some embodiments of a VCSEL device, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 8A illustrates a perspective view of some embodiments of a laser device including an array of VCSEL devices with a cross-sectional cut shown for some of the VCSEL devices, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 8B illustrates a graph which sets forth thermal conductivity properties for a number of different materials used in different embodiments of a VCSEL device, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 8C illustrates a graph which sets forth reflectance properties for a number of different VCSEL devices and highlights some performance examples of a VCSEL device, according to the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9 through 16 illustrate a cross-sectional view of some embodiments of a method of forming a VCSEL device, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 illustrates a methodology in flowchart format that illustrates some embodiments of a method of forming a VCSEL device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of this disclosure. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

A semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) device includes top and bottom electrodes, with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and an optically active region arranged between the top and bottom electrodes. The DBRs comprise DBR layers, which are comprised of a stack of alternating layers. In conventional VCSEL device fabrication, an etching process is performed to form outer sidewalls of the DBR layers and the optically active region. Then, an oxidation process is performed, causing oxidation to occur on the outer sidewalls of the DBR layers and the optically active region. After the oxidation process, a sidewall spacer is formed to cover the oxidized outer sidewalls of the DBR layers and the optically active region. Although use of this fabrication method is widely adopted, the oxidation in the DBR layers results in a decrease in thermal conductivity and a decrease in the operable wavelength bandwidth for the device. This results in a higher thermal temperature in the optically active region during normal operation. As the temperature of the optically active region increases, the operating wavelength will increase respectively. This causes an unwanted defect as the device will no longer operate at the desired wavelength.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, to prevent the oxidation in the DBR layers, sidewall spacers may be introduced at intermediate steps of the above process. First, a substrate is formed over a first electrode and a second set of DBR layers is formed over the substrate. An optically active region is formed over the second set of DBR layers. Then, a first set of DBR layers is formed over the optically active region. The new process involves an etching process performed through the first set of DBR layers. Then, a first sidewall spacer formed around sidewalls of the first set of DBR layers. An oxidation process is then performed after the first sidewall spacer has been formed, where the oxidation will only form in the optically active region. Then, an etching process is performed through the optically active region and the second set of DBR layers below the optically active region. Finally, a second sidewall spacer is formed around outer sidewalls of the first sidewall spacer, second set of DBR layers, and the optically active region. This prevents any oxidation from forming in any of the DBR layers, therefore preventing the defect related to oxidation in the DBR layers.

Referring to FIG. 1, a cross-sectional view of a VCSEL device 100 in accordance with some embodiments is provided. The VCSEL device 100 includes a bottom electrode 101 with a substrate 102 disposed over the bottom electrode 101. The substrate 102 may be, for example, a bulk substrate (e.g., a bulk silicon substrate), a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, or the like. In some embodiments, the substrate 102 is a layer of gallium arsenide. A first reflector 104 is disposed over the substrate 102. An optically active region 106, which includes a central optically active region 107 comprising a metal (un-oxidized) and a peripheral optically active region 108 comprising an oxidized version of the metal, is disposed over the first reflector 104. The first reflector 104 and the peripheral optically active region 106 have outer sidewalls that are aligned. A second reflector 110 is disposed over the optically active region 106, and a masking layer 112 is disposed over the second reflector 110. A top electrode 114 with a central aperture is disposed over the masking layer 112. A first spacer 116 is disposed over the optically active region 106 and covers outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 and masking layer 112. A second spacer 118 disposed over the substrate 102 and covers outer sidewalls of the first spacer 116, the optically active region 106, and the first reflector 104.

In some embodiments, the bottom electrode 101 comprises copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, or the like. In some embodiments, the top electrode 114 comprises copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, or the like; and can be made of the same material or a different material than the bottom electrode 101. In some embodiments, the masking layer 112 may, for example, be or comprise a photo resist, silicon oxide, or the like formed to a thickness within a range of between approximately 1.5 micrometers to approximately 4 micrometers. In some embodiments, the first spacer 116 comprises a nitride, such as titanium nitride or silicon nitride formed to a thickness within a range of between approximately 1000 and approximately 2000 micrometers. In some embodiments, the second spacer 118 comprises a nitride, such as titanium nitride or silicon nitride formed to a thickness within a range of between approximately 1000 and approximately 2000 micrometers. In some embodiments, the central region 107 of the optically active region 106 comprises a metal, such as aluminum; while the peripheral region 108 comprises an oxidized version of the metal, such as aluminum oxide. In some embodiments, the central region of optically active region 106 comprises a high concentration of aluminum, for example ranging from 96% to 100% aluminum, which can promote higher thermal conductivity for the optically active region than lower concentrations of aluminum.

During operation of the VCSEL device 100, a bias is applied across the bottom electrode 101 and top electrode 114, which causes the central optically active region 107 to emit light 120. The first and second reflectors 104, 110 are positioned so that the generated light 120 reflects multiple times between the first and second reflectors 104, 110, and due to the effects of interference, some patterns and/or frequencies of light are amplified by constructive interference while other patterns and/or frequencies of light are attenuated by destructive interference. In this way, after multiple reflections back and forth between the first reflector 104 and the second reflector 110, the light 120 passes out through the aperture in the top electrode 114 with a pre-determined wavelength.

While the VCSEL device is generating this light 120, heat is also generated. To better dissipate this heat, the first spacer 116 has an innermost sidewall that entirely covers an outer sidewall of the second reflector 110. Moreover, the first spacer 116 is formed in direct contact with un-oxidized material on the outer sidewall of the second reflector 110. Compared to previous approaches where outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 were oxidized, embodiments of the present disclosure where the second reflector 110 remains entirely un-oxidized within the confines of the first spacer 116 provides the second reflector 110 with a higher thermal conductivity. Because of this, the second reflector 110 is made entirely of un-oxidized material, which allows the second reflector 110 to more efficiently dissipate heat. Therefore, compared to previous VCSELs, the VCSEL device 100 of FIG. 1 is able to maintain a more constant temperature during operation and correspondingly outputs light 120 at a more consistent wavelength.

FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of some additional embodiments of a VCSEL device 200. The first reflector 104 and second reflector 110 are comprised of alternating layers of two different materials with different refractive indices. The stack of alternating layers comprise of a first layer 202 and a second layer 204. In some embodiments, the first layer 202 may be comprised of Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the second layer 204 may be comprised of Aluminum arsenide (AlAs). In some embodiments, the first reflector 104 and the second reflector 110 are each comprised of 40 pairs or greater of alternating layers of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204.

In some embodiments, the first reflector 104 and second reflector 110 may be distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) containing a stack of pairs 206. The stack of pairs 206 comprise of a first layer 202 and a second layer 204. Each pair 206 may be about one-half wavelength thick, where a wavelength corresponds to the wavelength emitted from the VCSEL device. Each individual layer, first layer 202 and second layer 204, may be about one-fourth wavelength thick. For example, in some embodiments, the wavelength emitted from the VCSEL device is 840 nm, and the pair 206 has a thickness of approximately 420 nm. Each individual layer, first layer 202 and second layer 204, of the pair 206 may be comprised of different materials with different concentrations. In some embodiments, the first layer 202 comprises Aluminum Gallium Arsenide with an Aluminum concentration of 10% (Al_(0.1)GaAs), the second layer 204 comprises Aluminum Gallium Arsenide with an Aluminum concentration of 90% (Al_(0.9)GaAs). In other embodiments, the first layer 202 comprises Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), the second layer 204 comprises Aluminum Arsenide (AlAs). These other embodiments where the first layer is GaAs and the second layer is AlAs have a lower thermal resistivity than embodiments where the first layer is Al_(0.1)GaAs and the second layer is Al_(0.9)GaAs.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of some additional embodiments of a VCSEL device 300. Outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 comprise a plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a plurality of protrusions that engagedly meet the plurality of recesses in the second reflector 110. Outer sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a second plurality of recesses. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions and the plurality of recesses comprise of semicircles. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions and the plurality of recesses comprise of triangles. Outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a recess. In some embodiments, outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a plurality of recesses (not shown).

FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of some additional embodiments of a VCSEL device 400. Outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 comprise a plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a plurality of protrusions that engagedly meet the plurality of recesses in the second reflector 110. Outer sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a second plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the second spacer 118 comprise a second plurality of protrusions that directly contact the second plurality of recesses of the first spacer 116. Outer sidewalls of the second spacer 118 comprise a third plurality of recesses. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions and the plurality of recesses comprise semicircles. Outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a recess.

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of some additional embodiments of a VCSEL device 500. Outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 comprise a plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a plurality of protrusions that meet the plurality of recesses in the second reflector 110. Outer sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a second plurality of recesses. Outer sidewalls of the optically active region 106 comprise a fourth plurality of recesses. Outer sidewalls of the first reflector 104 comprise a fifth plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the second spacer 118 comprise a second plurality of protrusions that directly contact the second plurality of recesses of the first spacer 116, the fourth plurality of recesses of the optically active region 106, and the fifth plurality of recesses of the first reflector 104. Outer sidewalls of the second spacer 118 comprise a third plurality of recesses. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions and the plurality of recesses comprise of semicircles. Outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a recess. In some embodiments, outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a plurality of recesses (not shown).

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of some additional embodiments of a VCSEL device 600. Outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 comprise a plurality of recesses. Outer sidewalls of the masking layer 112 comprise a sixth plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a plurality of protrusions that meet the plurality of recesses in the second reflector 110, and the sixth plurality of recesses in the first spacer 116. Outer sidewalls of the first spacer 116 comprise a second plurality of recesses. Outer sidewalls of the optically active region 106 comprise a fourth plurality of recesses. Outer sidewalls of the first reflector 104 comprise a fifth plurality of recesses. Inner sidewalls of the second spacer 118 comprise a second plurality of protrusions that directly contact the second plurality of recesses of the first spacer 116, the fourth plurality of recesses of the optically active region 106, and the fifth plurality of recesses of the first reflector 104. Outer sidewalls of the second spacer 118 comprise a third plurality of recesses. In some embodiments, the plurality of protrusions and the plurality of recesses comprise of semicircles. Outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a recess. In some embodiments, outer sidewalls of the first layer 202 and the second layer 204 comprise a plurality of recesses (not shown).

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of some additional embodiments of a VCSEL device 700. Compared to the VCSEL device of FIG. 1, the VCSEL device 700 has flipped the positions of the bottom electrode 101 and substrate 102. It will be appreciated that positions of the bottom electrode 101 and substrate 102 can also be flipped in the other embodiments illustrated and/or discussed herein, and these variations are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8A illustrates a perspective view of some embodiments of a laser device 800 a including an array of VCSEL devices with a cross-sectional cut shown for some of the VCSEL devices. In some embodiments, a VCSEL device 801 may be comprised within an array having a plurality of VCSEL devices arranged in rows and columns. The VCSEL device 801 includes a bottom electrode 101 with a substrate 102 disposed over the bottom electrode 101. A first reflector 104 is disposed over the substrate 102. An optically active region 106 is disposed over the first reflector 104. The first reflector 104 and the optically active region 106 have outer sidewalls that are aligned. An oxidized peripheral region 108 of the optically active region 106 is comprised of oxidation. A central region 107 of the optically active region 106 does not contain oxidation. A second reflector 110 disposed over the optically active region 106. A masking layer 112 disposed over the second reflector 110. An electrode 114 is formed over the masking layer 112. In some embodiments the electrode 114 comprises an aperture through a center of the electrode 114 exposing an upper surface of the masking layer 112. A first spacer 116 disposed over the optically active region 106 and covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 and masking layer 112. A second spacer 118 disposed over the bottom electrode 101 and covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer 116, the optically active region 106, and the first reflector 104.

FIG. 8B illustrates a graph 800 b comprising a thermal resistivity curve 810 demonstrating thermal conductivity properties of embodiments of a VCSEL device, such as previously illustrated and described in FIGS. 1-7. The thermal resistivity curve 810 reflects thermal resistivity of a compound comprising aluminum gallium arsenide, with a chemical formula Al_(x)Ga_(x-1)As. The x-axis of FIG. 8B represents the value of x in the above chemical formula. The y-axis of FIG. 8B represents increasing thermal resistivity (cm*K/W, e.g. centimeter*kelvin/watt) of the compound comprising Al_(x)Ga_(x-1)As. A VCSEL device comprising materials with low thermal conductivity will prevent heat from building up in an optically active region of the VCSEL device during operation, which will prevent the device from failing due to a shift in operating frequency from the buildup of heat in the optically active region.

More particularly in FIG. 8B a first point 802 corresponds to an x value of 0 and a second point 808 corresponds to an x value of 1. In some embodiments of a VCSEL device according to the present disclosure, for example, the first point 802 corresponds to a thermal resistivity of the first layer 202 (e.g. the first layer 202 comprises GaAs), the second point 808 corresponds to a thermal resistivity of the second layer 204 (e.g. the second layer 204 comprises AlAs). Therefore, in the above example, a combination of the first and second layers 202, 204 will result in an overall low thermal resistivity for the VCSEL device. In some embodiments, a third point 804 represents a concentration of Al in the optically active region 106. In some embodiments the concentration of Al in the optically active region 106 is less than the concentration of Al in the second layer 204. For example, the concentration of Al in the optically active region 106 is 98% (e.g. Al_(0.98)) while the concentration of Al in the second layer 204 is 100% (e.g. AlAs).

Additionally in FIG. 8B a range of x values between points 806 and 812 represent the range of x values in which DBR stacks within a second VCSEL device comprise oxidization. The range of x values between points 806 and 812 can be within the range of approximately 0.1 and 0.9, e.g. where a first layer in the DBR stacks comprises Al_(0.1)Ga_(0.9)As (e.g. x=0.1) and a second layer in the DBR stacks comprises Al_(0.9)Ga_(0.1)As (e.g. x=0.9). The thermal resistivity curve 810 between the points 806 and 812 depict a range of thermal resistivity of the compounds used to make the first and second layer in the DBR stacks of the second VCSEL device.

A thermal resistivity of a combination of the first and second layers of the second VCSEL device will be greater than the thermal resistivity of the combination of the first and second layers 202, 204 of the VCSEL device according to the present disclosure. Therefore, the second VCSEL device that comprises oxidation in the DBR stacks suffers from endurance degradation due to a higher thermal resistivity in the DBR stacks. Thus, the VCSEL device according to the present disclosure has improved endurance due to a lower thermal resistivity, allowing the device to better dissipate heat within the optically active region during operation.

FIG. 8C illustrates a graph 800 c comprising a pair of reflectance curves of embodiments of a VCSEL device, such as previously illustrated and described in FIGS. 1-7. It can be appreciated that a VCSEL device could be designed for many different wavelengths, therefore FIG. 8C and the associated wavelength values are merely an example. During operation of the VCSEL device, a voltage is applied across the device and the VCSEL device has an operating wavelength, monochromatic light will emit when the operating wavelength is at a resonance wavelength. The VCSEL device commonly has a range of resonance wavelengths called an operating bandwidth. During operation of the VSCEL device, heat will build up in an optically active region of the device and cause the operating wavelength to increase. As the heat increases, the operating wavelength can increase outside of the operating bandwidth and cause the VCSEL device to fail to emit monochromatic light. In regards to FIG. 8C the operating bandwidth can be defined as any wavelength with a reflectance of 1.0, or any wavelength above a specific reflectance value such as a reflectance above approximately 0.75, 0.85, or 0.95.

More particularly in FIG. 8C a first reflectance curve 818 corresponds to a spectral reflectance of a VCSEL device according to the present disclosure. A first operating bandwidth 818 a corresponds to an operating bandwidth of the first reflectance curve 818. In some embodiments the first operating bandwidth 818 a is between approximately 905 nm and approximately 985 nm. A second reflectance curve 816 corresponds to a spectral reflectance of a second VCSEL device that comprises oxidation in its DBR stacks. A second operating bandwidth 816 a corresponds to an operating bandwidth of the second reflectance curve 816. In some embodiments the second operating bandwidth 816 a is between approximately 920 nm and approximately 965 nm. In comparison of the first and second reflectance curves 818, 816, the first operating bandwidth 818 a comprises a greater range of resonance wavelength values compared to the second operating bandwidth 816 a. Additional, a trough near a center of the first operating bandwidth 818 a has a substantially greater reflectance value than a trough near a center of the second operating bandwidth 816 a. Therefore, during operation of the second VCSEL device, as heat builds up within an optically active region of the second VCSEL device an operating wavelength will increase outside of the second operating bandwidth 816 a more quickly than the VCSEL device according to the present disclosure. Thus, sidewall spacers in the VCSEL device according to the present disclosure increase the operating bandwidth of the VCSEL device and increases the device's ability to emit monochromatic light.

FIGS. 9-16 illustrate cross-sectional views 900-1600 of some embodiments of a method of forming a VCSEL device. Although the cross-sectional views 900-1600 shown in FIGS. 9-16 are described with reference to a method, it will be appreciated that the structures shown in FIGS. 9-16 are not limited to the method but rather may stand alone separate of the method. Although FIGS. 9-16 are described as a series of acts, it will be appreciated that these acts are not limiting in that the order of the acts can be altered in other embodiments, and the methods disclosed are also applicable to other structures. In other embodiments, some acts that are illustrated and/or described may be omitted in whole or in part.

As shown in cross-sectional view 900 of FIG. 9, a bottom electrode 101 is formed on a lower surface of substrate 102. In some embodiments, the bottom electrode 101 comprises Copper, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Titanium, or the like. The substrate 102 may be, for example, a bulk substrate (e.g., a bulk silicon substrate) or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. A first reflective layer 902 is formed over the substrate 102. The first reflective layer 902 is comprised of alternating layers of two different materials with different refractive indices. The stack of alternating layers for the first reflective layer 902 may comprise a third layer 910, which may be comprised of Gallium arsenide (GaAs), and a fourth layer 912, which may be comprised of Aluminum arsenide (AlAs). In some embodiments, the first reflective layer 902 is comprised of 40 pairs or greater of alternating layers of the third layer 910 and the fourth layer 912. An optically active layer 904 is formed over the first reflective layer 902. In some embodiments the optically active layer 904 comprises a metal, such as aluminum; and may comprise gallium and/or arsenide. In some embodiments, the optically active layer 904 comprises a high concentration of aluminum (e.g. at least 98%, up to 100%), the remaining concentration of the optically active layer 904 may be, for example, gallium in a concentration of approximately 0.5% to approximately 1.5% and/or arsenide in a concentration of approximately 0.5% to approximately 1.5% randomly distributed across the optically active layer 904. A second reflective layer 906 is formed over the optically active layer 904. The second reflective layer 906 comprises alternating layers of two different materials with different refractive indices. The stack of alternating layers for the second reflective layer 906 can comprise third layer 910, which may be comprised of Gallium arsenide (GaAs), and the fourth layer 912, which may be comprised of Aluminum arsenide (AlAs). A masking layer 112 is formed over the second reflective layer 906. The masking layer 112 is patterned, for example by using photolithography, to cover a first portion of the second reflective layer 906 and leave a sacrificial portion 908 of the second reflective layer 906 exposed.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1000 of FIG. 10, an etching process 1002 is performed to etch the second reflective layer 906 and remove the sacrificial portion 908 to define a second reflector 110. The etching process 1002 involves performing a first etch process to remove the sacrificial portion of the third layer 910, thereby defining the first layer 202, and using a second different etch process to remove the sacrificial portion of the fourth layer 912, defining the second layer 204. The alternation between the first etch process and the second etch process is repeated until an upper surface of the optically active layer 904 is exposed. In some embodiments, the first etch process involves a vertical etch or an anisotropic etch with a first etchant. In some embodiments, the second etch process involves an isotropic etch or a wet etch. In some embodiments, the first etchant is a different chemical than the second etchant.

In some embodiments, first etch initially leaves the third layer 910 with substantially vertical sidewalls, then the second etch bevels and/or recesses these sidewalls of the third layer 910 and also bevels and/or recesses sidewalls of the fourth layer 912. In some embodiments, the second etch process etches more lateral material on the fourth layer 912 than the first etch process etches lateral material on the third layer 910. This results in the outermost sidewalls of the first layer 202 having a greater maximum width than the outermost sidewalls of the second layer 204 (not shown). In some embodiments, the above process is used iteratively to propagate through each of the pairs in the second reflector 110. This causes a first pair of the pair 206 to have a greater maximum width than a maximum width of a second pair of the pair 206 (not shown). The first pair is located above the second pair.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1100 of FIG. 11, a first spacer layer 1102 is formed over the optically active layer 904 and the masking layer 112. The first spacer layer 1102 covers outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110 and outer sidewalls of the masking layer 112. In some embodiments, the first spacer layer 1102 comprises a nitride, such as titanium nitride or silicon nitride formed to a thickness within a range of between approximately 750 and approximately 1000 micrometers.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1200 of FIG. 12, a portion of the first spacer layer 1102 is removed by exposing the first spacer layer 1102 to an etchant 1204 (e.g., a vertical or anisotropic etch, such as a plasma etch) to define a first spacer 116. The first spacer 116 covers outer sidewalls of the masking layer 112 and outer sidewalls of the second reflector 110. A lower surface of the first spacer 116 contacts the upper surface of the optically active layer 904.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1300 of FIG. 13, a thermal oxidation process 1304 is performed on the optically active layer 904. This thermal oxidation process leaves a central region 107 of the optically active layer 904 un-oxidized, and defines an oxidized peripheral region 1302 of the optically active layer 904. The oxidized peripheral region 1302 extends under the first spacer 116, and under the second reflector 110. Thus, innermost sidewalls of the oxidized peripheral region 1302 of the optically active layer 904 extend below and within outermost sidewalls of the second reflector 110. Innermost sidewalls of the oxidized peripheral region 1302 of the optically active layer 904 are in direct contact with outermost sidewalls of the central region 107 of the optically active layer 904. In some embodiments, the central region 107 is un-oxidized.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1400 of FIG. 14, an etching process 1402 is performed to etch the optically active layer 904 to define an optically active region 106 and to etch the first reflective layer 902 to define a first reflector 104. The etching process 1402 involves performing a third etch process to remove a portion of the optically active layer 904, defining the optically active region 106. Then, alternating between a first etch process to remove a portion of the third layer 910, thereby defining the first layer 202, and a second etch process to remove a portion of the fourth layer 912, thereby defining the second layer 204. The alternation between the first etch process and the second etch process is repeated until an upper surface of the substrate 102 is exposed. In some embodiments, the first etch process involves a vertical etch or an anisotropic etch with a first etchant. In some embodiments, the second etch process involves an isotropic etch or a wet etch with a second etchant. In some embodiments, the second etchant is a different chemical than the first etchant.

In some embodiments, first etch initially leaves the third layer 910 with substantially vertical sidewalls, then the second etch bevels and/or recesses these sidewalls of the third layer 910 and also bevels and/or recesses sidewalls of the fourth layer 912. In some embodiments, the second etch process etches more lateral material on the fourth layer 912 than the first etch process etches lateral material on the third layer 910. This results in the outermost sidewalls of the first layer 202 to have a greater maximum width than the outermost sidewalls of the second layer 204 (not shown). In some embodiments, the above process propagates through all of the pairs in the first reflector 104. This causes a first pair of the pair 206 to have a greater maximum width than a maximum width of a second pair of the pair 206 (not shown). The first pair is located above the second pair.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1500 of FIG. 15, a second spacer layer 1502 is formed over the masking layer 112, first spacer 116, and the substrate 102. The second spacer layer 1502 covers outermost sidewalls of the first spacer 116, outermost sidewalls of the optically active region 106, and outermost sidewalls of the first reflector 104. In some embodiments, the second spacer layer 1502 comprises a nitride, such as titanium nitride or silicon nitride, and is formed to a thickness within a range of between approximately 750 and approximately 1000 micrometers.

As shown in cross-sectional view 1600 of FIG. 16, a portion of the second spacer layer 1502 is removed by exposing the second spacer layer 1502 to an etchant 1602 to define a second spacer 118. The second spacer 118 covers outermost sidewalls of the first spacer 116, outermost sidewalls of the optically active region 106, and outermost sidewalls of the first reflector 104. A lower surface of the second spacer 118 contacts the upper surface of the substrate 102. An electrode 114 is formed over the masking layer 112. In some embodiments the electrode 114 comprises an aperture through a center of the electrode 114 exposing an upper surface of the masking layer 112. In some embodiments, the electrode 114 comprises Copper, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Titanium, or the like.

FIG. 17 illustrates a method 1700 of forming a VCSEL device in accordance with some embodiments. Although the method 1700 is illustrated and/or described as a series of acts or events, it will be appreciated that the method is not limited to the illustrated ordering or acts. Thus, in some embodiments, the acts may be carried out in different orders than illustrated, and/or may be carried out concurrently. Further, in some embodiments, the illustrated acts or events may be subdivided into multiple acts or events, which may be carried out at separate times or concurrently with other acts or sub-acts. In some embodiments, some illustrated acts or events may be omitted, and other un-illustrated acts or events may be included.

At 1702, a first reflective layer is formed over a substrate. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view 900 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1702.

At 1704, an optically active layer is formed over the first reflective layer. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view 900 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1704.

At 1706, a second reflective layer is formed over the optically active layer. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view 900 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1706.

At 1708, a masking layer is formed over the second reflective layer. FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view 900 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1708.

At 1710, a portion of the second reflective layer is removed, defining a second reflector and exposing an upper surface of the optically active layer. FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view 1000 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1710.

At 1712, a first spacer is formed covering outermost sidewalls of the second reflector and outermost sidewalls of the masking layer. FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate a cross-sectional view 1100 and 1200 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1712.

At 1714, oxidation is formed in a peripheral region of the optically active layer. FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-sectional view 1300 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1714.

At 1716, a portion of the optically active layer is removed, defining an optically active region and remove a portion of the first reflective layer, defining a first reflector. FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view 1400 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1716.

At 1718, a second spacer is formed covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, outer sidewalls of the optically active region and outer sidewalls of the first reflector. FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate a cross-sectional view 1500 and 1600 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1718.

At 1720, an electrode is formed over the masking layer, where the electrode comprises an aperture through the center of the electrode. FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional view 1600 corresponding to some embodiments of act 1720.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method of forming a VCSEL device that performs an oxidation process to produce oxidation in the optically active region and no oxidation forms in the first and second reflector.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. The method includes forming an optically active layer disposed over a first reflective layer; forming a second reflective layer disposed over the optically active layer; forming a masking layer disposed over the second reflective layer, the masking layer covers a reflector region of the second reflective layer, the masking layer leaves a sacrificial portion of the second reflective layer exposed; performing a first etch process to remove the sacrificial portion of the second reflective layer, defining a second reflector and exposing an upper surface of the optically active layer; forming a first spacer covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector and outer sidewalls of the masking layer, a lower surface of the first spacer contacts the upper surface of the optically active layer; performing an oxidation process with the first spacer in place to oxidize a peripheral region of the optically active layer while leaving a central region of the optically active layer un-oxidized; performing a second etch process to remove a portion of the oxidized peripheral region, defining an optically active region and removing a portion of the first reflective layer, defining a first reflector; forming a second spacer covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, outer sidewalls of a remaining portion of the oxidized peripheral region, and outer sidewalls of the first reflector.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a vertical surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structure. A substrate disposed over a first electrode; a first reflector disposed over the substrate; an optically active region disposed over the first reflector, the first reflector and the optically active region have outer sidewalls that are aligned; a second reflector disposed over the optically active region, the optically active region is optically coupled to the first and second reflectors; a masking layer disposed over the second reflector; a second electrode disposed over the masking layer, the second electrode contains an aperture through a center of the second electrode exposing an upper surface of the masking layer; a first spacer covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector, a lower surface of the first spacer contacts an upper surface of the optically active region; a second spacer covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, outer sidewalls of the optically active region, and outer sidewalls of the second reflector.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a vertical surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structure. A first reflector disposed over a substrate, the first reflector comprises a first aluminum arsenide layer, and a first gallium arsenide layer stacked over the first aluminum arsenide layer; an optically active region over the first reflector, the optically active region comprising a central region and a peripheral region surrounding the central region, the central region comprising aluminum, and the peripheral region comprising aluminum oxide, the peripheral region has outer sidewalls that are aligned with outer sidewalls of the first reflector; a second reflector disposed over the optically active region, the second reflector comprises a second aluminum arsenide layer, and a second gallium arsenide layer stacked over the second aluminum arsenide layer, the optically active region is optically coupled to the first and second reflectors; a masking layer disposed over the second reflector; a second electrode disposed over the masking layer, the second electrode contains an aperture through a center of the second electrode exposing an upper surface of the masking layer; a first spacer covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector, a lower surface of the first spacer contacts an upper surface of the peripheral region of the optically active region, inner sidewalls of the first spacer directly contact outer sidewalls of the second reflector without any oxidation material separating the first spacer from the second reflector; a second spacer covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, the outer sidewalls of the peripheral region of the optically active region, and the outer sidewalls of the second reflector.

It will be appreciated that in this written description, as well as in the claims below, the terms “first”, “second”, “second”, “third” etc. are merely generic identifiers used for ease of description to distinguish between different elements of a figure or a series of figures. In and of themselves, these terms do not imply any temporal ordering or structural proximity for these elements, and are not intended to be descriptive of corresponding elements in different illustrated embodiments and/or un-illustrated embodiments. For example, “a first dielectric layer” described in connection with a first figure may not necessarily correspond to a “first dielectric layer” described in connection with another figure, and may not necessarily correspond to a “first dielectric layer” in an un-illustrated embodiment.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structure, comprising: a substrate disposed over a first electrode; a first reflector disposed over the substrate; an optically active region over the first reflector, wherein the first reflector and the optically active region have outer sidewalls that are aligned; a second reflector disposed over the optically active region, wherein the optically active region is optically coupled to the first and second reflectors; a masking layer disposed over the second reflector; a second electrode disposed over the masking layer, wherein the second electrode contains an aperture through a center of the second electrode exposing an upper surface of the masking layer; a first spacer covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector, wherein a lower surface of the first spacer contacts an upper surface of the optically active region, wherein inner sidewalls of the first spacer comprise a first plurality of protrusions that engagedly meet a plurality of recesses in the second reflector; and a second spacer covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, outer sidewalls of the optically active region, and outer sidewalls of the first reflector.
 2. The VCSEL structure of claim 1, wherein a portion of the optically active region comprises an oxidation layer, wherein the oxidation layer begins on the outer sidewalls of the optically active region.
 3. The VCSEL structure of claim 1, wherein inner sidewalls of the second spacer comprise a second plurality of protrusions that engagedly meet a second plurality of recesses in the outer sidewalls of the first spacer.
 4. The VCSEL structure of claim 3, wherein inner sidewalls of the second spacer comprise a third plurality of protrusions that engagedly meet a third plurality of recesses in the first reflector and the optically active region, and wherein outer sidewalls of the second spacer comprise a plurality of recesses.
 5. The VCSEL structure of claim 1, wherein the first and second reflectors are comprised of a stack of alternating layers of two different materials with different refractive indices, wherein the stack of alternating layers comprise of a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer comprises Aluminum arsenide (AlAs), and wherein the second layer comprises Gallium arsenide (GaAs), wherein the second layer has a greater maximum width than the first layer, and wherein the first layer is stacked on top of the second layer.
 6. The VCSEL structure of claim 1, wherein the first spacer and the second spacer are comprised of a same material.
 7. The VCSEL structure of claim 1, wherein inner sidewalls of the first spacer are in direct contact with the outer sidewalls of the second reflector, wherein inner sidewalls of the second spacer are in direct contact with the outer sidewalls of the optically active region and the outer sidewalls of the first reflector.
 8. The VCSEL structure of claim 1, wherein the first spacer continuously extends from outer sidewalls of the masking layer to the outer sidewalls of the second reflector.
 9. An integrated circuit, comprising: a substrate disposed over a first electrode; a first reflector disposed over the substrate, wherein the first reflector comprises a first aluminum arsenide layer, and a first gallium arsenide layer stacked over the first aluminum arsenide layer; an optically active region over the first reflector, the optically active region comprising a central region and a peripheral region surrounding the central region, the central region comprising aluminum, and the peripheral region comprising aluminum oxide, wherein the peripheral region has outer sidewalls that are aligned with outer sidewalls of the first reflector; a second reflector disposed over the optically active region, wherein the second reflector comprises a second aluminum arsenide layer, and a second gallium arsenide layer stacked over the second aluminum arsenide layer, wherein the optically active region is optically coupled to the first and second reflectors; a masking layer disposed over the second reflector, a second electrode disposed over the masking layer, wherein the second electrode contains an aperture through a center of the second electrode exposing an upper surface of the masking layer; a first spacer covering outer sidewalls of the second reflector, wherein a lower surface of the first spacer contacts an upper surface of the peripheral region of the optically active region, wherein inner sidewalls of the first spacer directly contact outer sidewalls of the second reflector without any oxidation material separating the first spacer from the second reflector; and a second spacer covering outer sidewalls of the first spacer, the outer sidewalls of the peripheral region of the optically active region, and the outer sidewalls of the first reflector, wherein an upper surface of the masking layer, an upper surface of the first spacer, and an upper surface of the second spacer are aligned.
 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the inner sidewalls of the first spacer comprise a first plurality of protrusions that directly contact a plurality of recesses in the second reflector, wherein the inner sidewalls of the second spacer comprise a second plurality of protrusions that directly contact a second plurality of recesses in the outer sidewalls of the first spacer.
 11. The integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein the outer sidewalls of the second spacer comprise a third plurality of recesses spaced across a distance defined between an upper surface of the second reflector to a lower surface of the first reflector.
 12. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the first spacer and the second spacer are comprised of a same material.
 13. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein a maximum width of the second reflector is less than a maximum width of the optically active region.
 14. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein inner sidewalls of the second spacer directly contact outer sidewalls of the first reflector without any oxidation material separating the second spacer from the first reflector.
 15. An integrated circuit, comprising: a substrate overlying a first electrode; a first reflector overlying the substrate, wherein the first reflector comprises a plurality of first reflector layers including first aluminum arsenide layers alternatingly stacked between a plurality of first gallium arsenide layers; an optically active region overlying the first reflector, wherein the optically active region comprises a central region and a peripheral region laterally surrounding the central region, the central region comprising aluminum, and the peripheral region comprising aluminum oxide, wherein the optically active region is optically coupled to the first reflector; a second reflector disposed over the optically active region, wherein the second reflector comprises a plurality of second aluminum arsenide layers alternatingly stacked between a plurality of second gallium arsenide layers, wherein the optically active region is optically coupled to the first and second reflectors, wherein outer sidewalls of the second reflector comprise a first plurality of recesses; a masking layer overlying the second reflector; a second electrode overlying the masking layer, wherein the second electrode contains an aperture through a center of the second electrode, thereby exposing an upper surface of the masking layer, wherein the aperture of the second electrode directly overlies the central region of the optically active region; a first sidewall spacer structure laterally enclosing the outer sidewalls of the second reflector, wherein a lower surface of the first sidewall spacer structure directly contacts an upper surface of the peripheral region of the optically active region, wherein inner sidewalls of the first sidewall spacer structure comprise a first plurality of protrusions that directly contact the first plurality of recesses, wherein outer sidewalls of the first sidewall spacer structure comprise a second plurality of recesses; and a second sidewall spacer structure laterally enclosing the first sidewall spacer structure, the optically active region, and the first reflector, wherein the first and second sidewall spacer structures comprise a same material, and wherein inner sidewalls of the second sidewall spacer structure comprise a second plurality of protrusions that directly contact the second plurality of recesses.
 16. The integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein the first plurality of protrusions directly contact the first plurality of recesses without any oxidation material separating the second reflector from the first sidewall spacer structure.
 17. The integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein outer sidewalls of the first reflector and outer sidewalls of the optically active region comprise a third plurality of recesses, wherein the second plurality of protrusions of the second sidewall spacer structure directly contact the third plurality of recesses.
 18. The integrated circuit of claim 17, wherein outer sidewalls of the second sidewall spacer structure comprise a fourth plurality of recesses spaced across a vertical distance defined between an upper surface of the masking layer and a lower surface of the first reflector.
 19. The integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein the first plurality of recesses and the first plurality of protrusions directly overlie the peripheral region of the optically active region.
 20. The integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein a thickness of the optically active region is less than a thickness of the masking layer. 